Conversations contain spontaneous use of routine formulas which lets speaker sinteract with each other to express opinions. GAMBITs, as one of these formulas, act as an opening remark and help speakers to maintain the smooth flow of an everyday conversation. The lack of mastery of using GAMBITs in maintaining the conversation leads to breakdowns in speaking. This paper aimed at comparing the use of different CATEGORIES of GAMBITs by native speakers of English and Persian. To achieve this end, a corpus of 40 hours from Persian Native Speakers (PNSs) and English Native Speakers (ENSs) with an equal number of participants was selected through recordings of conversations from different TV Channels. Following the literature, the frequency of GAMBIT tokens was counted and their functions were classified. Chi-square test revealed significant differences between PNSs and ENSs regarding the occurrences of GAMBIT CATEGORIES. The findings of this study can have implications for language learners and practitioners in the field. The present research demonstrates to language learners the need for learning GAMBIT expressions as elements to improve the quality of their speaking and also to use the language in meaningful interaction with others.

The activity of speaking is conducted spontaneously and there is not much time devoted to preplanning and arranging the utterances the speaker intends to deliver. Briefly defined, GAMBITs and routines refer to the words and phrases that facilitate the flow of conversations. As such, one way to help learners acquire oral proficiency is to teach GAMBITs that support the social skills emphasized. The present study aimed to investigate the speaking fluency of Iranian intermediate EFL learners through conversational GAMBITs and routines. To this end, the subjects of the present study consisted of an experimental group and a control group each containing 30 students who attended listening and speaking classes. To count the frequency of GAMBIT tokens and identify their functions, the recorded data were analyzed utilizing Keller and Warner’s classification of conversational GAMBITs. The results of the t-test revealed that the experimental group possessed better speaking fluency based on the occurrences of GAMBIT CATEGORIES. There was a positive correlation between the number of GAMBITs and the scores of fluency test. Evidently, the findings of the present study may have implications for EFL teachers and syllabus designers.

These are notes from introductory survey lectures given at the Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics (IPM), Teheran, in 2008 and 2010. We present the definition and the fundamental properties of Fomin- Zelevinsky’s cluster algebras. Then, we introduce quiver representations and show how they can be used to construct cluster variables, which are the canonical generators of cluster algebras. From quiver representations, we proceed to the cluster category, which yields a complete categorification of the cluster algebra and its combinatorial underpinnings.

Linguistic acts enjoy two dimensions. A usual dimension which is deprived of artistic manifestations and an artistic one which takes different forms due to not having any role as a reference. In artistic language, various techniques are exploited. One method involves the repetition of sounds, words, and sentences. The first type appears at the level of lexicon, the second type at the sentence, and the third type at the wider and general level of speech chains. Sound and lexical repetitions are the most common forms though Persian poets made different uses of these techniques and some of these poets occupied a crucial role in bringing about such works. Mowlana has extensively used this technique which has provided a great linguistic music. Furthermore, it becomes accessible to the readers, and is written in a simpler language. This paper aims at examining the diversity of such repetitions in Shams sonnets from solely Persian linguistic perspectives and reveals the emergence of such methods. A technique which is Mowlana’s and is accounted as a particular feature of his poetries.

When studying Russian morphology, one can distinguish two CATEGORIES. These CATEGORIES are "grammatical" and "lexico-grammatical". Grammatical CATEGORIES can be specified through a series of grammatical features of words. Considering different criteria, Russian grammarians and linguists divide grammatical CATEGORIES of their language into different types. In determining lexico-grammatical types, in addition to a series of grammatical features, they also consider a series of lexico-semantic features as well. The lexica-grammatical type is determined in the different forms of parts of speech.

We consider a category C enriched over the segment [0; 1] whose hom-objects are real numbers from [0; 1]. For a suitably defined function ^v assigning to each formula ' some object of C, the hom-object C(^v('); ^v( )) represents the degree of derivability ofψ from φ. We reformulate completeness result for intuitionistic propositional logic, as well as H ajek's completeness results concerning the product, G odel and Lukasiewicz fuzzy logic in the context of enriched category theory.